Anatomically designed meniscus implantable devices

ABSTRACT

An implant device used to replace and restore the function of the knee meniscus in a human. The compliant, yet resilient device is comprised of a biocompatible, non-degradable three-dimensional body comprised of at least a central body, a second structure, a third structure, and a coating. The device is concentrically aligned wherein the second structure is adjoined to the central body wherein the third structure is adjoined on the central body opposite of the second structure. The third structure further features a first and a second pulling element which is coupled to the central body and forms the outer periphery and major circumference of the device. The device is comprised of multiple components which provide tensile strength, compressive resilience, and attachment mechanisms for replacing the meniscus. Each structure is comprised of multiple surfaces which are further reinforced, separated, and connected by an individual plurality of vertical elements. The implantable device further features a surface coating on the surface of the central body.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuing application and claims benefit ofpriority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/514,597, entitled, “ANATOMICALLY DESIGNED MENISCUS IMPLANTABLEDEVICES,” filed on Mar. 27, 2017, allowed, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,034,755,which represents the U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/US2015/053630, entitled,“ANATOMICALLY DESIGNED MENISCUS IMPLANTABLE DEVICES,” filedinternationally on Oct. 2, 2015, and claims benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/058,688, entitled, “ANATOMICALLYDESIGNED MENISCUS IMPLANT,” filed on Oct. 2, 2014; the foregoing '597,'630, and '688 applications and the '755 patent are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to implantable devices andrelated methods of manufacture and use, and more particularly, toimplantable devices having particular application for repairing,replacing, and/or reinforcing an anatomical defect such as a meniscus.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilage tissue paired in boththe medial and lateral compartments of the knee between the femur andthe tibia. Macroscopically, the menisci are C-shaped (semi-lunar)tissues which feature a triangular (wedge shaped) cross-section andcover and separate the tibial plateau from the femoral condylesproviding a bearing surface within the joint. The meniscus plays acritical role in load transmission, stability and in reducing contactstresses in the knee joint which is attributed to the unique shape andmicrostructure of the tissue. The microstructure of the meniscus islargely comprised of type I collagen fibers and the spatial orientationof these collagen fibers are highly functionalized in order to providethe meniscus' unique mechanical properties. Specifically, the meniscusfeatures circumferential bundles of collagen fibers embedded within ahydrated matrix which acts to bear circumferential hoop stresses. Whenthe meniscus is axially loaded, the meniscus tends to displace radiallyout of the joint center due to its wedge shaped cross-section. Extrusionis, however, resisted as the meniscus is anchored both posteriorly andanteriorly in the tibia via the meniscal horns, The circumferentialarrangement of type I collagen fibers throughout the meniscus as well asthe meniscal horns give rise to circumferential, or hoop, stresses whichresist radial displacement. The meniscus thus converts vertical loadinto hoop stresses, thereby reducing contact stresses a mechanism knownas the ‘hoop stress mechanism’.

Injuries to the meniscus are the most common injuries requiring surgicalintervention in orthopaedic practice with approximately one millionsurgeries occurring in the United States every year. Traumatic tearsoccur in young, active individuals and are more common in the medialmeniscus, usually as a result of rotational forces applied to a flexedknee, while degenerative meniscal tears tend to occur in middle aged andolder individuals, as a result of the weakening of the tissue and hencethe reduction in mechanical properties.

With increased meniscal injuries, meniscal repair has become a standardprocedure, and the traditional treatment of partial or full resectionwhich was previously identified as the gold standard, is now understoodto have deleterious effects and should be performed as sparingly aspossible. Replacement of the damaged meniscal tissue with an implantaims to restore the knee biomechanics and might avoid articularcartilage degeneration and the onset of osteoarthritis. Different typesof meniscal substitutes, such as allografts, collagen based materials,and synthetic biodegradable scaffolds, have been used in experimentaland clinical studies. Allograft menisci suffer from problems relating toavailability, size matching, cost, and risk of disease transmission.Additionally both allografts and collagen scaffolds experienceremodeling after implantation causing shrinkage and reduced mechanicalstrength. Synthetic biodegradable scaffolds lack durability under kneeloading conditions and also vary in the body response to the implant andthe quality of the tissue formed. Synthetic biodegradable scaffolds alsorequire the native tissue to be present (typically as a rim) for notonly attachment but also as source of autologous cells which can seedthe implant. Mimicking the microstructure and mechanical propertydistribution of the meniscus improves the chances for restoring thecontact pressures along the tibial plateau during normal activities, andpreventing the onset of osteoarthritis following injury. Accordingly, animproved anatomically designed meniscus implantable device is needed toreplicate the mechanical properties distribution within the nativemeniscus.

Prosthetic meniscus implants are a novel treatment method to repairmeniscal lesions. To date, there is no meniscus substitute that takesinto account the microstructure of the native meniscus. Implantabledevices that can restore and replace the function of the meniscus wouldbe of great interest for orthopaedic applications given the clearindication of the unmet need in the area. The challenge in developing ameniscal replacement with biomechanical characteristics close to that ofthe native meniscus lies in the construction and design choice ofmaterial. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention toprovide an improved implantable device for treating meniscal injuriesthrough replacement with an anatomically designed meniscus implant.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is a need for an anatomically designed meniscus implant device.The present invention provides an implantable device for repairing,replacing, or reinforcing a meniscus comprising a three-dimensionalbiocompatible non-degradable structure. The implantable device in somecases mimics the anisotropic properties of the meniscus by replicatingthe internal microstructure which is further reinforced and covered witha coating material. In order to replicate the properties and to improveupon the field of the invention, multiple structures are employed insome embodiments to form a singular construct to replace the function ofthe native meniscus. The implantable device is able to mimic thelocalized and regional properties of the meniscus through the use ofmultiple structures adjoined to form a singular construct, in certaincases. Such implantable devices further resist disjointing or divisioninto separate entities and maintain a singular structure. Theimplantable device is constructed from a central body sized and shapedto cover at least a portion of the tibial plateau having a top surface,a bottom surface, and a first plurality of vertical elements separating,connecting, and reinforcing the two surfaces. In some embodiments, thecentral body comprises a substantially crescent shape. The central bodyprovides compressive resistance and resiliency provided by the pluralityof vertical elements as well as tensile strength provided by the topsurface and bottom surface and to some degree the first plurality ofvertical elements. The first plurality of vertical elements areintimately connected with both the top surface and bottom surface, andprovide a means to allow the central body to be resilient (i.e. returnto original dimensions after loading) and to translate compressive loadsinto tensile forces through anchoring attachments (described in detailbelow as part of the third structure). Any suitable materials can beused for the vertical elements of the present invention. The top andbottom surface further feature anisotropic tensile properties which canbe arranged in an orientation to mimic the circumferential and radialproperties of the native meniscus with the higher tensile strengthorientation in the circumferential orientation. The central body ispolygonal in cross section with the top and bottom surface beingrelatively planar with respect to one another and forming a porousstructure by the interconnecting plurality of vertical elements. Thecentral body is curved or somewhat semi-circular in shape, that is,“substantially crescent shaped,” with the internal side of the centralbody forming a minor arc and the external side of the central bodyforming a major arc. The minor arc is comprised of an internal open edgeformed from the top surface and bottom surface of the central bodyconnected by the plurality of vertical elements. The major arc iscomprised of an external open edge formed from the top surface andbottom surface of the central body connected by the plurality ofvertical elements. Thus, the minor arc and the major arc defined by thefirst plurality of vertical elements and the top surface and the bottomsurface. Proceeding from the internal edge to the external edge, thecentral body can exhibit a gradient slope increasing in height. In someembodiments of the implantable device, the top surface and/or the bottomsurface of the central body extend beyond the first plurality ofvertical elements connecting the two surfaces together, thereby beyondthe minor arc, the major arc, or both. The central body furthercomprises a narrowing in width between the minor arc and the major arcas the central body elongates distally from its central axis tapering totwo elongated ends.

The implantable device further comprises a second structure, consistingof a substantially crescent shaped three-dimensional body having a firstsurface, a second surface, and a second plurality of vertical elementsseparating, connecting, and reinforcing the two surfaces often having adistance of separation less than the central body. The second structureis located adjacent to the interior minor arc of the central body. Thesecond structure is roughly triangular (wedge-shaped) in cross sectionwith the first surface and second surface forming a singular unifiededge opposite the interior minor arc of the central body and aninterconnected body with variable separation in distance increasingradially to the central body. The second structure is attached to theinterior minor arc of the central body by either the top surface, bottomsurface, or at least a portion of the first plurality of verticalelements proximal to the interior minor arc of the central body. Assuch, there is a gradient in height of the second structure from thesingular unified edge to the union with the interior minor arc of thecentral body. In some embodiments of the implantable device, the topsurface and/or the bottom surface of the central body extend beyond thefirst plurality of vertical elements, to connect the two surfacestogether.

The second structure augments the compressive strength and resiliencyprovided by the first plurality of vertical elements, to a lesser degreecompared to the compressive properties afforded by the central body, insome cases. In other cases, the second structure has greater compressivestrength and resiliency compared to the central body. Mechanicalproperties of the implantable device can be tailored based on varyingcompressive properties and more specifically in certain instances thecompressive stiffness of the second structure compared to the centralbody. Mechanical properties of the second structure can be furtherdefined by the number of vertical elements included between the firstsurface and second surface of the second structure, the angle ofinsertion of the vertical elements between the surfaces of the secondstructure, as well as the material type and sizing with respect to thevertical elements of the central body.

The implantable device is further comprised of a third structurecomprising an elongated member which is concentrically located oppositethe second structure and proximal to the major arc of the central body.The third structure is comprised of an anisotropic arrangement of aplurality of filamentous elements forming a first extension and a secondextension from the implantable device, in some embodiments of thepresent invention. The first and second extensions of the thirdstructure are located beyond the central body and provide both atensioning (i.e. pulling) mechanism and attachment mechanism for theimplantable device in the human body. The third structure can feature agradient change in either thickness and/or geometry. The third structurecan feature a gradual decrease in thickness distally located from thecentral body to accommodate attachment directly to surrounding tissuesand/or transosseous placement in vivo. The decrease in thickness of thethird structure occurs either before or beyond the junction with thecentral body at the major external arc. The first and the secondextensions of the third structure can also feature a change incross-sectional geometry from either a circular, elliptical, square,rectangular, or polygonal cross-section, to a tape-like or rod-like(circular or elliptical) cross-section that can be smaller or larger inat least one dimension compared to the portion of the third structureproximal to the central body. The gradient change in thickness and/orgeometry allows the third structure to act as a compressive loadingsurface forming the external periphery of the implantable device, aswell as a means for attachment in a minimally invasive fashion affordedby the gradient transition in thickness and/or geometry. The first andsecond attachments also offer flexibility for placement and tensioningof the implantable device in vivo. In some embodiments the firstextension and the second extension of the third structure can becomprised of the same geometry and/or thickness. In another embodiment,the first extension and the second extension of the third structure canbe comprised of different geometry and/or thickness. For instance, thefirst extension of the third structure can be comprised of a polygonaltape-like projection while the second extension of the third structurecan be comprised of a rod-like or circular projection.

The third structure features a greater stiffness compared to the centralbody and the second structure in both the longitudinal (tensilestiffness) and cross-sectional axis (compressive stiffness), in somecases. The third structure forms at least a portion of the peripheralrim of the implantable device. The third structure can be integrallyconnected with major external arc of the central body by being adjoinedeither to the top surface, bottom surface, or at least a portion of theplurality of vertical elements of the central body proximal to the thirdstructure as well as any combination thereof. For example the topsurface of the central body can be overlaid by the third structure andadjoined to the underlying bottom surface of the central body,enveloping and surrounding the entirety of the third structure.Moreover, the third structure is integrally attached with the majorexternal arc of the central body such that compressive forces appliedperpendicularly to the central body are converted into planar tensileforces along the third structure. In some embodiments, the thirdstructure can be integrally attached to the central body by the firstsurface, the second surface, or both of the second structure whichextend beyond the second structure and do not possess the plurality ofvertical elements to connect to both the central body and the thirdstructure.

The first and second extensions of the third structure may furthercomprise a plurality of filaments which can feature a number ofconfigurations including but not limited to core-sheath, alternating,wedge-shaped or pie slice cross-section, interspersed, gradient,layered, among other configurations. The implantable device can furthercomprise at least one chemical species. The chemical species canassociate with the implantable device in any suitable manner, such as,for example, being adsorbed onto or infused into the plurality offilaments of the first extension and the second extension of the thirdstructure. That chemical species can include any suitable chemicalspecies, such as osteogenic agents that support bone mineralization,inorganic materials, pharmacological materials, growth factors,proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, and combinations of any two or morethereof, among others. For instance, bone mineralization can besupported by preferential loading and/or delivery of inorganic materialswhich are capable of releasing ionic species directly from the thirdstructure to promote bone ingrowth and permanent attachment in vivo.Ionic species which can be released from the third structure can includecationic salts such as those containing calcium (Ca²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺),barium (Ba²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), or strontium (Sr²⁺), orinorganic phosphates that contain (PO₄ ⁻³). Also, silica (SiO₂),polyphosphates, pyrophosphates, as well as a number of proteins,peptides and pharmacological materials can be used to supplement bonemineralization. Example proteins include but are not limited tocollagen, transforming growth factor β1, transforming growth factor β2,transforming growth factor β3, bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, 6,among others. Insoluble inorganic materials can also be included and canbe chosen from hydroxyapatite, apatite, chlorapatite, fluorapatite, andhydroxylapatite.

The implantable device may further include one or more surface coatingsfor example positioned adjacent the top surface and/or bottom surface ofthe central body portion, the second structure, or a part of the thirdstructure. Any suitable surface coating can be used. For example, onesuitable surface coating comprises one or multiple layers of alubricious substance comprised of a reinforced coating, layeredunderneath a non-reinforced coating. A surface coating in one embodimentcomprises a reinforced lubricious coating comprising a fiber-reinforcedmatrix and a lubricious substance. In another embodiment, the surfacecoating comprises at least one reinforced layer of a lubricioussubstance comprising a reinforcing matrix; and at least one secondarycoating, which is a non-reinforced layer of a lubricious substance,wherein the at least one secondary coating is exposed to the exterior ofthe implantable device. In certain instances, the reinforced lubricouscoating comprises a plurality of fibrous elements not in the form of afiber-reinforced matrix, and a lubricious substance. The surface coatingcan be embedded on or through the adjacent surface of the central body,the second structure, and/or the third structure. The surface coatingprovides enhanced lubricating and wear properties, reducing thecoefficient of friction experienced during articulation, in some cases.The surface coating may further comprise a plurality of fibrous elementsadapted to integrate the surface coating with the surface to which thesurface coating is attached, such as a surface of the central body. Thesurface coating fibrous elements and reinforcing matrix can be composedof a similar chemical nature in order to promote their integration.Moreover, the coating can also be located on the second structure andthe third structure of the implantable device, on one or more surfacesof those structures. The coating can be embedded on the surface orthrough the surface of the second structure. The coating can be embeddedon or through the surface of the third structure. In some embodimentsthe surface coating can be present on one or more extensions of thethird structure. The surface coating, in some cases, mimics theintrinsic tribological functionality of the meniscus and can becomprised of a combination of monomeric units and polymers todemonstrate this property.

Any suitable lubricious substances can be used, alone or in combination,in the embodiments of the present invention. Suitable lubricioussubstances include, but are not limited to, poly(ethylene glycol),poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone),polycarbonate urethanes, segmented polyether urethanes,polyether-urethane, poly ether-urethane-urea elastomeric materials,poly(tetrafluoroethylene), silicones, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the central body and the second structure can beformed from the same construct wherein the second structure isphysically manipulated to form the requirements for functionality. Theimplantable device may further include tailorable mechanics for optimaltensile, compressive, and frictional properties.

The implantable device can be constructed from any suitable materials.In some cases, an implantable device can be constructed from a range ofknown materials in a film, fiber, foam, or fabric format wherein thefilm, fiber, foam or fabric is comprised of polyethylene, ultra-highmolecular weight poly(ethylene), poly(ethylene terephthalate),poly(propylene), poly(ether urethane urea), poly(carbonate urethanes),silicones, nylons, among others. The implantable device comprises, incertain instances, a non-degradable material that has an ultimateelongation (%) of 10-2,000 percent strain with an ultimate tensilestrength 30-2,000 MPa.

Also provided is an implantable device for repairing a meniscus defector reinforcing a damaged meniscus, the implantable device including acentral body having a central portion sized and shaped to cover at leasta portion of the tibial plateau having an outer periphery, and a secondstructure having an outer periphery substantially similar to the innerperiphery of the central body, and a third structure having an innerperiphery substantially similar to the outer periphery of the centralbody. The third structure comprises at least two pulling elementscoupled to the central body of the implantable device. The implantabledevice further includes a surface coating positioned on the first andsecond surfaces of the central body. Additionally, the implantabledevice can feature reinforcement with a porous foam of varyingmechanical properties, gradients, and densities. The porous foam can belocated within the central body between the top surface and the bottomsurface, and/or within the second structure between the first surfaceand second surface, and may display orientation along the same axis oraxes (axises) as any of the vertical elements in the plurality ofvertical elements.

As the present disclosure explains, this may be realized throughemploying a three-dimensional implant that mimics the tensile,compressive, and frictional properties of the native meniscus. Thethree-dimensional implant features two separate yet interconnectedsurfaces providing the overall bulk implantable device which features aplurality of vertical elements to separate and interconnect the separatesurfaces. The vertical elements provide compressive strength,resiliency, and compressive recovery and are able to feature anisotropicorientation to mimic the natural orientation and mechanics of themeniscus tissue. The three dimensional implantable device features athird structure which is comprised of a plurality of circumferentialfibers connected to the two separate yet interconnected surfaces andprovides a means to attach the implantable device within the human body.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a partof the specification, illustrate some, but not the only or exclusiveexamples of embodiments and/or figures. It is intended that theembodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be consideredillustrative rather than limiting. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic top view of a first mode of the implantabledevice shaped to replace the knee meniscus.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic side view of another mode of the implantabledevice employing at least three structures to replicate and mimic thecompressive strength and compressive resiliency of the knee meniscus.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic side view of another mode of the implantabledevice employing the central body.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic top view of another mode of the implantabledevice employing the central body.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic side view of another mode of the implantabledevice employing the second structure.

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic top view of another mode of the implantabledevice employing the second structure.

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic side and cross-section view of another mode ofthe implantable device employing the third structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Due to the limitations present within the field of the invention, atleast some of the embodiments of the present invention offer significantadvantages and improvements in the field. Before explaining the presentinvention in detail, it should be noted that the invention is notlimited in its application or use to the details of construction andarrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings anddescription. Referring to FIGS. 1-7 certain embodiments of the presentinvention will now be described in detail. FIG. 1 shows implantabledevice 100 which is comprised of multiple structures forming a singularconstruct comprised of a central body 101, a second structure 200, and athird structure 300. All structures are integrally connected to form asingular construct capable of replacing a human meniscus. Methods ofintegrally connecting the structures can include sewing, gluing,melting, ultrasonic welding, or any other known means in the art, andcombinations of any two or more of the foregoing. In this embodiment,each of these structures can be engineered to match the inherentproperties of meniscus tissue based on the underlying microstructure tomimic the mechanical behavior (tensile, compressive, shear, frictionalproperties) as well as the geometry and size of the tissue (area,height, curvature, and slope). The implantable device is biocompatiblenot eliciting a harmful response to living tissue able to replace afunction of the meniscus. The implantable device is non-resorbable innature and therefore unable to undergo hydrolytic or enzymaticdegradation in vivo.

In certain embodiments, the design of the structures will determine theorientation and placement position of the implantable device to replacea meniscus. The central body 101 is sized and shaped to cover at least aportion of the tibial plateau. In the illustrated embodiment, thecentral body 101 is substantially crescent-shaped (semi-lunar) inoverall shape, having a curvature and area which is suitable for repairand/or replacement of a meniscus and able to contact at least a portionof the tibial plateau. The second structure 200 is sized and shaped tocover at least a portion of the tibial plateau and is locatedconcentrically interior to the central body. The third structure 300 islocated opposite the second structure substantially circumferentiallysurrounding the central body 101 and forms the periphery of theimplantable device 100. The central body 101, second structure 200, andthird structure 300 form at least two attachment elements called thefirst extension 302 and the second extension 303, which allow tension tobe applied to the device 100.

FIG. 2 shows a side view of the implantable device cut through thecentral axis, shown by a dashed line in FIG. 1. As demonstrated in FIG.2, the central body 101 features a polygonal cross-section featuring afirst set of two surfaces and a first plurality of vertical elements 104which connect, separate, and reinforce the first set of planar surfacesfurther described in FIGS. 3 and 4. The first plurality of verticalelements 104 within the central body 101 can feature density dependentarrangement, varying angles of insertion into the top surface 102 andbottom surface 103 of the central body, and offer mechanical propertiessuch as compressive resistance and resiliency. The second structure 200features a substantially wedge-shaped cross-section where a second setof planar surfaces comprised of a first surface 201 and a second surface202 which are connected, separated, and reinforced by a second pluralityof vertical elements 204 further described in FIGS. 5 and 6. The thirdstructure 300 features a dense arrangement of aligned filamentouselements 305 which provide a means to provide tension to the device andforms the external peripheral edge of the device 100. The thirdstructure 300 is comprised of a polygonal body 301, first extension 302and second extension 303 and further described in FIG. 7.

The vertical elements 104 of the central body 101 and the verticalelements 204 of the second structure 200 can be independently chosenfrom any suitable material. Suitable materials for vertical elementsinclude, but are not limited to, polyesters, polyolefins, perhalogenatedpolyolefins such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), polyether ether ketones(PEEK), polyurethanes, poly(carbonate urethanes) nylons, any suitablematerial, and combinations thereof. The vertical elements 104 of thecentral body 101 and the vertical elements 204 of the second structuredisplay an aspect ratio (defined as a height to cross-sectional ratio ofthe vertical element) greater than ten in some cases, and greater thantwenty in additional cases. The vertical elements can feature anygeometry in cross-section ranging from polygonal, round, flat, oval,serrated, star, dog-bone, lobular, and any suitable shape or combinationthereof.

FIG. 3 further shows the central body 101 which includes at least twosurfaces, top surface 102, and a bottom surface 103 which are separated,connected, and reinforced by a first plurality of vertical elements 104which connect and separate the two surfaces of the central body 101. Thetop surface 102 and bottom surface 103 feature anisotropic tensileproperties wherein the tensile strength and stiffness is greater in thelong axis in the plane of the surface respective to the short axisnormal to the surface. Positioned adjacent the top surface 102 andbottom surface 103 of the central body 101 are surface coatings 105 and106, respectively. Surface coating 105 further comprises a reinforcedlubricious coating 108. The reinforced lubricious coating 108 iscomprised of a plurality of fibrous elements 107 inside a lubriciousagent. The plurality of fibrous elements 107 are comprised of ahydro-swellable material not in the form of a fiber-reinforced matrix.Any suitable hydro-swellable material can be used, such as, for example,polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylene oxides, polycarbonate urethanecopolymers with polyethers or other polymers having oxygen atoms and/orionic groups, and combinations of two or more thereof. Each fibrouselement can exhibit a fiber diameter of 0.1 μm to 20 μm in oneembodiment or from 0.5 μm to 5 μm in another embodiment. The pluralityof fibrous elements 107 may exhibit an areal density of 1-800 g/m² insome embodiments, and an areal density of 20-500 g/m² in otherembodiments, for example. Areal density can be measured by determiningthe mass of the coating in grams over a known area measured inmeters-squared. The plurality of fibrous elements 107 comprisepoly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid),poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), polycarbonate urethanes, segmented polyetherurethanes, polyether-urethane, poly ether-urethane-urea elastomericmaterials, or any combination thereof. Independently of the fibrouselements 107, the lubricious substance forming the lubricious coating108 can be chosen from any suitable material, such as, for example,poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid),poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), polycarbonate urethanes, segmented polyetherurethanes, polyether-urethane, poly ether-urethane-urea elastomericmaterials, or any combination thereof. The distance from the bottomsurface 103 to the top surface 102 increases from the internal edge 109to the external edge 110 of the central body 101. In some embodiments ofthe implantable device, the top surface 102 and bottom surface 103 ofthe central body 101 extend beyond the plurality of vertical elements104 connecting the two surfaces 102, 103 together. The extension of topsurface 102 forms a deformable top surface 102 a, and the extension ofbottom surface forms a deformable bottom surface 103 a on the externaledge 110 of the central body 101 that are not connected by the pluralityof vertical elements 104. In some embodiments of the implantable device100, the top surface 102 and bottom surface 103 of the central body 101extend beyond the plurality of vertical elements 104 on the internaledge 109 of the central body 101 forming a deformable top surface 102 band a deformable bottom surface 103 b that are not connected by theplurality of vertical elements 104.

FIG. 4 further shows the central body 101 is substantially crescentshaped with the internal side of the central body forming a minor arc109 and the external side of the central body forming a major arc 110.The minor arc 111 is comprised of an internal open edge formed from thetop surface 102 and bottom surface 103 of the central body connected bythe plurality of vertical elements 104 (see FIG. 3). The major externalarc 110 is comprised of an external open edge formed from the topsurface 102 and bottom surface 103 of the central body connected by theplurality of vertical elements 104. The central body further comprises anarrowing in width 114 between the minor arc 109 and the major arc 110as the central body elongates distally from its central axis tapering totwo elongated ends 115 and 116.

Additionally, the implantable device features a second structure 200 asshown in FIG. 5, that is substantially wedge shaped in cross-section andis located interior to the central body 101 with its major external edge208 adjacent the internal edge 109 of the central body. The secondstructure 200 further includes a second set of two surfaces, a firstsurface 201, and a second surface 202, which are connected, separated,and reinforced by a second plurality of vertical elements 204. Thesurfaces 201 and 202 connect and form a singular edge 203 of the secondstructure 200. The second plurality of vertical elements 204 allows adecrease in separation between the first surface 201 and the secondsurface 202 of the second structure 200. The second plurality ofvertical elements 204 can be of a different strength resiliency, and/ormaterial compared to the first plurality of vertical elements 104. Thefirst surface 201 and the second surface 202 form a singular edge 203opposite the major external edge 208. Additionally, the first surface201 of the second structure 200 features a concave shape respective tothe second surface 202 of the second structure 200. Positioned adjacentthe first surface 201 is a surface coating comprising layers 205, 207,and 209. Positioned adjacent the second surface 202 of the secondstructure 200 is a surface coating 206. The layer 205 comprisespoly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid),poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), polycarbonate urethanes, segmented polyetherurethanes, polyether-urethane, poly ether-urethane-urea elastomericmaterials, or any combination thereof. Layer 205 is adjoined by areinforced lubricious coating being a combination of a plurality offibrous elements 207 not in the form of a fiber-reinforced matrix with alubricious substance, wherein the plurality of fibrous elements 207 is asemi-crystalline hydrophilic material. The reinforced coating iscomprised of a plurality of fibrous elements 207 reinforced supporting asecondary coating 209. The plurality of fibrous elements 207 arecomprised of a hydro-swellable material and exhibit a fiber diameter ofany suitable dimension before exposure to moisture, such as, forexample, from 0.1 μm to 20 μm, in some cases, and from 0.5 μm to 5 μm inother cases. The plurality of fibrous elements 207 may exhibit an arealdensity of 1-500 g/m² in some cases, an areal density of 20-300 g/m², inother cases, and any suitable areal density in still further cases. Theplurality of fibrous elements 207 and the secondary coating 209 areindependently chosen from poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol),poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), polycarbonate urethanes,segmented polyether urethanes, polyether-urethane, polyether-urethane-urea elastomeric materials, or any combination therein.The major external edge 208 of the second structure lies adjacent to thecentral body is defined by the first surface 201 and second surface 202and the second plurality of vertical elements 204. At the major externaledge 208 the first surface 201 and the second surface 202 can extendbeyond the second plurality of vertical elements 204 forming adeformable first surface 201 a and a deformable second surface 202 awhich are not connected by the second plurality of vertical elements204. The extended deformable surfaces 201 a and 202 a can assist withattachment of the second structure 200 to the central body 101 and morespecifically top surface 102 and bottom surface 103, respectively. Asdisplayed in FIG. 6, the second structure 200 displays a substantiallycrescent or C-shape in area which features an inner edge 203 and anexternal arc 208. As the second structure 200 extends beyond its centralaxis, the width between the inner edge 203 and the external arc 208narrows 212 to two extensions 213 and 214. Extensions 213 and 214terminate and adjoin the elongated ends 115 and 116 of the central body101.

Additionally, the implantable device 100 features a third structure 300,that is adapted to conform to band be proximal to the major arc 110 ofthe central body 101 as shown in detail in FIGS. 1 and 2. As illustratedin FIG. 7, the third structure 300 is comprised of a plurality offilamentous elements 305 which exhibits a tensile strength greater thanthe central body 101 or the second structure 200. The third structure300 is further comprised of a polygonal body 301 and first extension 302and second extension 303 which allow the placement and attachment of thedevice 100 in the body. The third structure 300 is substantiallycircumferential to the implantable device 100 with the first extension302 and second extension 303 extending beyond the central body 101. Theextensions 302, 303 can be adjoined by the surfaces 102 and 103 of thecentral body connecting the central body 101 with the third structure300, and/or with the deformable top surface 102 a and a deformablebottom surface 103 a on the external edge 110 of the central body 101.The third structure can also be connected to the extended surface 201 aand 202 a of the second structure 200. The third structure 300 featuresa gradient change in both geometry and size, transitioning from apolygonal cross-section 301 to circular rod-like extensions 302 and 303distally located from the polygonal body. Additionally, extensions 302and 303 comprise a change in size being substantially thinner than thepolygonal body 301, having any suitable diameter such as, for example, adiameter of 0.1-4 mm in some cases, and of 1-3 mm in other cases, with acircular cross-section as illustrated in FIG. 7. The third structure 300is comprised of a polymer chosen from polyesters, polyolefins,perhalogenated polyolefins such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), polyetherether ketones (PEEK), polyurethanes, silicones, nylons, combinations oftwo or more thereof, and any suitable material.

The implantable device provides a means to translate compressive forcesinto tensile forces. This is achieved by the multiple pluralities ofvertical elements which are integrated with the multiple planar surfacesof the device. As the implantable device undergoes compressive strain,the compressive force bends the plurality of vertical elements which areintimately connected with multiple planar surfaces. As the planarsurfaces undergo compressive loading, the surfaces translate throughtowards the third structure 300 and to the attachment mechanisms firstextension 302 and second extension 303. The force is translated fromvertical compressive load through to tensile forces through the thirdstructure and into the attachments. This is due to the wedge shape ofthe device which gives rise to a ‘hoop stress mechanism’ therebyreducing intra-articular contact pressures on the tibial plateau and onthe femoral condyle in the knee compartment where the implantable deviceis located. As the device is displaced radially, the attachment retainsits position and in vivo placement, resisting the displacement andgiving rise to tensile strains. If the device were not wedge shapedthere would be no force translation.

The attachment mechanisms first extension 302 and second extension 303provide additional benefit for controlling placement of the implant aswell a means to position the implant to the tibial plateau, tibiasurface, and/or transosseosly means of attachment. During implantationand installation of the device, the surgeon can ensure a proper andcongruent fit of the implant relative to the tibia plateau and femoralcondyle. During this application of positioning the first extension 302and second extension 303, the surgeon can apply tension to theattachments which will separate and expand the top and bottom surface102 and 103 of the central body 101 of the implantable device 100. Suchexpansion of the implantable device 100 will allow visual conformationthat the implant fills the defect and provides a congruent surfacebetween the tibial plateau and femoral condyles. The structures of theimplantable device can be comprised of a film, fabric, or plurality offibers intermeshed by any known art in the field. To enhance and adddesirable properties to the implantable device all suitable materialsmay possess similar tensile strength, such as around 0.5-5 GPa, but eachmay have significantly different tensile modulus and elongation atbreak, providing for property variations depending on the class ofmaterial selected.

It should also be recognized that two or more different types ofmaterials may be used in combination to further control the finalmechanical characteristics of the resulting implantable device. Forexample, where the materials are used for attachment upon implantation,a stronger material might be used for the third structure 300 of theimplantable device, to give maximal strength to the periphery and to anyanchoring attachment. Further, a substantially non-elastic material canbe used to give a high level of strength along an axis, arc, or surfaceof an implant, while a different type of elastic and/or stretchablematerial might be used to provide flexibility and elastic resiliencealong a different axis, arc, or surface. The lubricious coating presenton the central body 101 and the second structure 200 can also featurebiomolecules including peptides, proteins or polysaccharides includingbut not limited to collagen, elastin, hyaluronan, glycosaminoglycans,among others.

In another aspect of the present invention, the structures of theimplantable device may be integrated in a variety of ways, including arandom or unorganized integration, or a patterned or organizedintegration, such as a three-dimensional mesh. In addition to themethods of manufacturing the implantable device as described herein,other methods may be used as would be understood by those skilled in theart, such as sewing, ultrasonic welding, crosslinking, gluing, weaving,braiding, knitting, knotting, nonwoven constructions, and molding. Thedesired shape and customized mechanical properties of the implantabledevice will dictate the type or combination of manufacturing techniquesused.

In another aspect of the implantable device, the method for controllingthe resulting mechanical properties of the implantable device is basedon selective criteria for choosing suitable materials. For example, inone embodiment, the selection of material may be based on the ability topattern the surface by using weaving, knitting, nonwoven technologies tocreate 2D and 3D patterns or structures. In another aspect, theselection of material may be based on the ability to create surfaceswith random or directional orientation. In another aspect, the selectionof material may be based on the ability to modify the surface such thatthey can interact with the hydrogel in which they are embedded.

As explained herein, the implantable device may be used for replacing orrepairing various musculoskeletal tissues and fibrocartilage, forexample in a mammal, such as the meniscus in a human. The implantabledevice may also be used for replacing or repairing other items, such asa secondary implant repairing or replacing a first implant. In otherembodiments, the composites of the present invention can be constructedto match an allograft, or any other replacement device as would beunderstood by those skilled in the art.

An example of the implantable device 100 includes the central body 101being comprised of a three-dimensional structure, wherein the topsurface 102 and bottom surface 103 are comprised of two (2) knittedfabrics comprised of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) semi-dull seventy(70) denier, thirty-four (34) filament count multifilament yarn. The topsurface 102 and bottom surface 103 were constructed with a tricot knitpattern or any suitable knit pattern wherein the intermeshing of theyarn forms a fabric structure. Denier refers to the linear density ofthe yarn and reported in grams per nine thousand meters of fiber. Thetop surface 102 and bottom surface 103 are further reinforced,separated, and connected by a plurality of vertical elements 104comprised of a series of monofilament fiber of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) which displays a round cross-section and diameter of 0.2mm. The plurality of vertical elements 104 are angled into the topsurface 102 and bottom surface 103 at an angle of >45°. The central body101 is cut from bulk material to form a substantially crescent shape andannealed at about 180° C. for a duration of thirty minutes to form apolygonal cross-section wherein the internal minor arc 109 is at a lowerheight comparative to the external major arc 110 of the central body101. The second structure 200 is comprised of a first surface 201 and asecond surface 202 wherein the surfaces are formed from knittedconstruction comprised of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) one hundredthirty five (135) denier, ninety-six (96) filament count multifilamentyarn which is textured. The first surface 201 and second surface 202 areconstructed with an Atlas knit pattern or any suitable knit patternwherein the intermeshing of the yarn forms a fabric structure. The firstsurface 201 and second surface 202 are reinforced, separated, andconnected by a second plurality of vertical elements comprised of aseries of monofilament fibers of poly(propylene) which displays a roundcross-section and cross-sectional diameter of 0.15 mm. The secondstructure 200 was annealed at about 120° C. for a duration of thirtyminutes to form a major edge 208 which is adjacent the internal minorarc 109 of the central body 101, wherein the second structure 200 alsoformed a singular edge 203 which was opposite the major edge 208. Thesecond structure was substantially crescent shaped and triangular incross-section. The central body 101 and second structure 200 wereadjoined together be sewing with a 3-0 size ultra-high molecular weightpolyethylene suture and by ultrasonic welding forming a singularconstruct and indiscernible structure. The third structure 300 wasformed from a plurality of fibrous elements comprised of ultra-highmolecular weight poly(ethylene) fibers size 3-0 and wascircumferentially located around the periphery of the central body 101and adjacent to the major external arc 110. The third structure 300demonstrated a tensile breaking load of greater than 500 N. The thirdstructure 300 was adjoined to the central body 101 by ultrasonic weldingto the deformable top surface 102 a and the deformable bottom surface103 a on the external edge 110 of the central body 101. Additionally, topromote tissue integration of the implantable device 100 and theattachment mechanisms of 302 and 303 of the third structure 300, type Icollagen was solubilized under acidic conditions using 1 normalhydrochloric acid and coated onto the periphery. Coating of type Icollagen occurred by dipping in solubilized type I collagen andadsorbing onto the attachment mechanisms 302 and 303. The implantabledevice 100 further comprised a coating which was located on the centralbody 101 and the second structure 200. The coating comprisedelectrostatically deposited fibers comprised of poly(carbonate urethane)fibers with a diameter of 2 μm and areal density of 150 g/m² reinforcinga coating comprised of poly(carbonate urethane). The electrospun fiberswere electrostatically deposited onto the implantable device 100 withpreferential deposition on the top surface 102 of the central body 101and first surface 201 of the second structure 200 by dispensingpoly(carbonate urethane) dissolved in a fluorinated solvent such ashexafluoroisopropanol at a concentration of 8 weight percent by volumeusing an electric field of 1.5 kV/cm and volumetric flow rate of 3 ml/hrthrough a 20 gauge capillary spinneret. The coating of poly(carbonateurethane) is dissolved in a solvent system of dimethylacetamide andtetrahydrofuran and applied by subsequent dip-coating of the implantabledevice 100 into the coating solution.

It should be appreciated that the implantable device may be implantedinto a patient using operative techniques and procedures understood bythose skilled in the art. Any suitable attachment technologies can beused, such as, for example, screws, staples, sutures, and the like tosecure the first extension, the second extension, and optionally anyadditional attachment mechanisms to the same or different sites on thetibia, femur, patella, and fibula. In certain embodiments, medicalimaging modalities can be used to define and/or model the geometry ofthe implantable device for implantation, thereby generating a structureand geometry that is tailored to a particular subject. Further, theoperative technique used to prepare the site for implantation can bebased on computer navigation and/or computer guided technology.

The methods described herein are by no means all-inclusive, and furthermethods to suit the specific applications as contemplated herein will beapparent to the ordinary skilled artisan.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Certain embodiments of the present invention are suitable formanufacture on an industrial scale.

EMBODIMENTS

Further aspects of the present invention can be understood by referenceto the following embodiments.

Embodiment 1

An implantable device for repairing or replacing a knee meniscus of ahuman or animal patient in need thereof, comprising:

a biocompatible non-resorbable three-dimensional body, comprising:

-   -   a central body having a substantially crescent shape and        comprising a top surface and a bottom surface integrally        connected, separated, and reinforced by a first plurality of        vertical elements, and        -   a minor arc and a major arc defined by the first plurality            of vertical elements and the top surface and the bottom            surface;    -   a second structure having a substantially crescent shape        conforming to and proximal to the minor arc of the central body,        the second structure comprising a first surface and a second        surface integrally connected, separated, and reinforced by a        second plurality of vertical elements, and the first surface and        the second surface form an inner edge distal from the minor arc        of the central body;    -   a third structure conforming to and proximal to the major arc of        the central body, substantially circumferentially surrounding        the central body,        -   further comprising a first extension and a second extension            adapted to attach the implantable device in the human or            animal patient;            and            a surface coating comprising a lubricious substance and            covering at least a portion of the three-dimensional body.

Embodiment 2

The implantable device according to embodiment 1, wherein the centralbody, second structure, and third structure form a singular construct.

Embodiment 3

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-2, whereinthe second structure has a substantially wedge-shaped cross-section.

Embodiment 4

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-3, whereinthe second structure possesses a compressive stiffness less than that ofthe central body.

Embodiment 5

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-4, furthercomprising at least one attachment mechanism.

Embodiment 6

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-5,exhibiting a cross-sectional geometry that differs from across-sectional geometry of the first extension and the secondextension.

Embodiment 7

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-6, whereinthe top surface, bottom surface, first plurality of vertical elements,or a combination of two or more thereof comprise a polymer chosen frompolyesters, polyolefins, perhalogenated polyolefins, poly(ether etherketones), polyurethanes, silicones, nylons, and combinations of two ormore thereof.

Embodiment 8

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-7, whereinthe first surface, second surface, second plurality of verticalelements, or a combination of two or more thereof comprise a polymerchosen from polyesters, polyolefins, perhalogenated polyolefins,polyether ether ketones, polyurethanes, silicones, nylons, andcombinations of two or more thereof.

Embodiment 9

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-8, whereinthe third structure comprise a polymer chosen from polyesters,polyolefins, perhalogenated polyolefins, poly(ether ether ketones),polyurethanes, silicones, nylons, and combinations of two or morethereof.

Embodiment 10

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-9, whereinthe surface coating comprises a reinforced lubricious coating.

Embodiment 11

The implantable device of embodiment 10, wherein the reinforcedlubricious coating comprises a fiber-reinforced matrix.

Embodiment 12

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 10-11,wherein the reinforced lubricous coating comprises a plurality offibrous elements not in the form of a fiber-reinforced matrix.

Embodiment 13

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 10-12,wherein the reinforced lubricious coating further comprises a secondarycoating.

Embodiment 14

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-13, whereinthe surface coating covers at least a portion of the top surface, atleast a portion of the bottom surface, or both.

Embodiment 15

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-14, whereinthe surface coating covers at least a portion of the first surface, atleast a portion of the second surface, or both.

Embodiment 16

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-15, whereinthe central body is proportioned to cover at least a portion of a tibialplateau of the human or animal patient.

Embodiment 17

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-16, whereinthe third structure exhibits greatest tensile modulus propertiescircumferentially around the central body.

Embodiment 18

The implantable device according to embodiment 17, wherein the thirdstructure exhibits the lowest elastic deformation circumferentiallyaround the central body.

Embodiment 19

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-18, whereinthe third structure is integrally attached to the top surface, thebottom surface, or both.

Embodiment 20

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-19, whereinthe third structure comprises one or more chemical species chosen fromcationic salts, inorganic phosphates, polyphosphates, pyrophosphates,hydroxyapatite, apatite, chlorapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite,calcium silicate-based bioglasses, mineralizing amino acids, peptides,proteins, polysaccharides, pharmacological materials, and combinationsof two or more thereof.

Embodiment 21

The implantable device according to any one of embodiments 1-20, whereinthe central body and the second structure comprise at least one samematerial.

Embodiment 22

A method of preparing the implantable device of any one of embodiments1-21 comprising:

obtaining the central body, the second structure, and the thirdstructure;

affixing the second structure and the third structure to the centralbody to form the three-dimensional body; and

applying or forming the surface coating on at least a portion of thethree-dimensional body to form the implantable device.

Embodiment 23

A method of repairing or replacing a knee meniscus of a human or animalpatient in need thereof, comprising:

implanting the implantable device of any one of embodiments 1-21 into aknee of the patient.

Embodiment 24

A method of reducing the contact pressure on the articular surfaces ofthe tibial plateau and femoral condyle in a human or animal patient inneed thereof, comprising:

implanting the implantable device of any one of embodiments 1-21 betweenthe tibial plateau and the femoral condyle of the patient.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of preparing an implantable device forrepairing or replacing a knee meniscus of a human or animal patient inneed thereof, the method comprising: obtaining a central body, a secondstructure, and a third structure; affixing the second structure and thethird structure to the central body to form a three-dimensional body;and applying or forming a surface coating on at least a portion of thethree-dimensional body to form the implantable device, wherein thesecond structure possesses a compressive stiffness less than that of thecentral body.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensionalbody is a biocompatible, non-resorbable three-dimensional body.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the central body has a substantially crescentshape and comprises a top surface and a bottom surface integrallyconnected, separated, and reinforced by a first plurality of verticalelements, and a minor arc and a major arc defined by the first pluralityof vertical elements and the top surface and the bottom surface.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the second structure has a substantiallycrescent shape conforming to and proximal to the minor arc of thecentral body, the second structure comprising a first surface and asecond surface integrally connected, separated, and reinforced by asecond plurality of vertical elements, and the first surface and thesecond surface form an inner edge distal from the minor arc of thecentral body.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the third structureconforms to and is proximal to the major arc of the central body,substantially circumferentially surrounding the central body, furthercomprising a first extension and a second extension adapted to attachthe implantable device in the human or animal patient.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the implantable device exhibits a cross-sectionalgeometry that differs from a cross-sectional geometry of the firstextension and the second extension.
 7. The method of claim 5, whereinthe third structure exhibits greatest tensile modulus propertiescircumferentially around the central body.
 8. The method of claim 4,wherein the first surface, second surface, second plurality of verticalelements, or a combination of two or more thereof comprise a polymerchosen from polyesters, polyolefins, perhalogenated polyolefins,polyether ether ketones, polyurethanes, silicones, nylons, andcombinations of two or more thereof.
 9. The method of claim 4, whereinthe surface coating covers at least a portion of the first surface, atleast a portion of the second surface, or both.
 10. The method of claim3, wherein the top surface, bottom surface, first plurality of verticalelements, or a combination of two or more thereof comprise a polymerchosen from polyesters, polyolefins, perhalogenated polyolefins,polyether ether ketones, polyurethanes, silicones, nylons, andcombinations of two or more thereof.
 11. The method of claim 3, whereinthe surface coating covers at least a portion of the top surface, atleast a portion of the bottom surface, or both.
 12. The method of claim1, wherein the surface coating comprises a lubricious substance andcovering at least a portion of the three-dimensional body.
 13. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the central body, second structure, and thirdstructure form a singular construct.
 14. The method of claim 1, whereinthe second structure has a substantially wedge-shaped cross-section. 15.The method of claim 1, further comprising including at least oneattachment mechanism.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the thirdstructure comprises a polymer chosen from polyesters, polyolefins,perhalogenated polyolefins, polyether ether ketones, polyurethanes,silicones, nylons, and combinations of two or more thereof.
 17. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the surface coating comprises a reinforcedlubricious coating.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the reinforcedlubricious coating comprises a fiber-reinforced matrix.
 19. The methodof claim 17, wherein the reinforced lubricous coating comprises aplurality of fibrous elements not in the form of a fiber-reinforcedmatrix.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the reinforced lubriciouscoating further comprises a secondary coating.
 21. The method of claim1, further comprising adding to the third structure one or more chemicalspecies chosen from cationic salts, inorganic phosphates,polyphosphates, pyrophosphates, hydroxyapatite, apatite, chlorapatite,fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite, calcium silicate-based bioglasses,mineralizing amino acids, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides,pharmacological materials, and combinations of two or more thereof.